IMMUNO-INFLAMMATORY ALTERATIONS OF THE PLACENTA IN LATE PREGNANCY LOSS

Abstract

Late spontaneous abortion, occurring after the first trimester, represents a complex clinical entity associated with high maternal and fetal morbidity. While endocrine and anatomical causes have traditionally been emphasized, recent research highlights the importance of immune-mediated placental injury. Successful pregnancy requires a finely balanced immune tolerance at the maternal–fetal interface. Disruption of this balance can activate inflammatory pathways, leading to placental insufficiency and fetal demise.