DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF CLINICAL-BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS IN EARLY DETECTION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN CHILDREN

Abstract

The thesis examines the diagnostic significance of clinical-biochemical markers used in the early detection of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children. Emphasis is placed on biomarkers that identify subclinical glomerular and tubular dysfunction before conventional indicators become abnormal. The paper discusses pathogenetic mechanisms that shape early biomarker alterations, metabolic and hormonal disturbances, tubular handling indices, and emerging molecular markers such as KIM-1, L-FABP, and TIMP-2/IGFBP-7. Special attention is given to high-risk pediatric groups and the interpretation of multi-marker diagnostic models.